BETs and CAs in this Category

Paediatrics » Resuscitation

			Broselow tape or APLS formula to estimate weight in children
			Albumin infusions in hypoalbuminaemic children with oncological disease did not affect colloid osmotic pressure or outcome
			Ethyl chloride for emergency paediatric intravenous cannulation
			Does dexamethasone improve blood pressure in hypotensive ill neonates?
			Oral sucrose reduces the pain of neonatal procedures
			Bicarbonate therapy in children with DKA
			Suction at perineum of neonates with meconium stained liquor
			In a preterm infant, does blood transfusion increase the risk of necrotizing enterocolitis?
			In patients with spontaneous pneumothorax, does treatment with oxygen increase resolution rate?
			Atropine: Re-evaluating its use during pediatric RSI
			Is elective high-frequency oscillatory ventilation better than conventional mechanical ventilation in very low-birth-weight-infants?
			What is the use of the glass test?
			Two thumb versus two finger CPR in infants
			Does early administration of dexamethasone improve neurological outcome in children with meningococcal meningitis?
			Naso-gastric rehydration in children
			Do polyethylene wraps achieve temperature control in preterm infants in delivery room?
			Is newborn resuscitation in 21% air associated with adverse neurodevelopment?
			Does prone position improve oxygenation in infants needing respiratory support?
			Delivery room surfactant vs intensive care surfactant
			Does CPAP in delivery room decrease chronic lung disease?
			How accurate is capillary refill time at measuring shock in infants and children?
			Is an intravenous fluid bolus of albumin or normal saline beneficial in the treatment of metabolic acidosis in a normovolaemic newborn?
			Is skin turgor reliable as a means of assessing hydration status in children?
			Anion gap is a screening tool for elevated lactate with risk of sepsis
			The Use of Automatic External Defibrillators in Children
			Should premedication be used for semi-urgent or elective intubation in neonates?
			Should critically ill patients be routinely transfused to a normal haemoglobin level?
			High dose caffeine for extubation of preterm infants
			Do cuffed endotracheal tubes increase the risk of airway mucosal injury and post-extubation stridor in children?
			Emergency caesarean section in cardiac arrest before the 3rd trimester.
			What is the effect of cardiopulmonary resuscitation at birth on extremely premature infants?
			Is intravenous immunoglobulin superior to exchange transfusion in the management of hyperbilirubinaemia in term neonates?
			Therapeutic hypothermia for paediatric traumatic brain injury within 8 hr
			Is capillary refill time a useful marker of haemodynamic status in neonates?
			What is the effect of family presence on the efficacy of pediatric trauma resuscitation?
			Should carbon dioxide detectors be used to check correct placement of endotracheal tubes in preterm and term neonates?

Generic appraisals

Marinelli G, Chiappini B, Di Eusanio M et al.

Bypass Grafting with coronary endarterectomy: immediate and long-term results

Cohort

Puskas JD, Williams, Duke PG et al.

Off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting provides complete revascularization with reduced myocardial injury,transfusion requirements, and length of stay: a single blind RCT

Randomised control trial

Rebecca K. Fastle and Mark G. Roback.

Pediatric rapid sequence intubation: Incidence of reflex bradycardia and effects of pretreatment with atropine.

Cohort

Kirkpatrick AW

Hand-held Thoracic Sonography for Detecting Post-Traumatic Pneumothoraces: the Extended Focused Assessment with Sonography for Trauma (EFAST)

Diagnosis

Baker R.C, Tiller T., Bausher J. et al

Severity of Disease correlated with fever reduction in febrile infants

Cohort

Paediatrics » The febrile child

			Ibuprofen is probably better than Paracetamol in reducing fever in children
			Is fanning therapy effective in childhood pyrexias
			Are routine chest x-rays helpful in the management of febrile neutropenia?
			Should a neonate with possible late onset infection always have a lumbar puncture?
			Does HIV in mothers predispose to problems with BCG immunisation in their children?
			Should tympanic temperature measurement be trusted?
			Should preterm neonates with a central venous catheter (CVC) and coagulase negative staphylococcal (CoNS) bacteremia be treated without removal of the catheter?
			Lumbar puncture after febrile convulsion
			Is once daily dosing of Gentamicin equally safe and effective as multiple dosing in neonates?
			Duration of observation for children with febrile convulsions.
			Tepid sponging in the febrile child
			Are follow up chest X-rays helpful in the management of children recovering from pneumonia?
			Are newer macrolides effective in eradicating carriage of Pertussis?
			Accuracy of negative dipstick urinalysis in ruling out urinary tract infection in adults
			In a febrile child, how useful C-reactive protein is in differentiating between acute bacterial and viral otitis media?
			In children under age three does procalcitonin help exclude serious bacterial infection in fever without focus?
			Identification of meningococcus from skin scrapings without LP
			Is early use of steroid helpful in preventing subsequent nephropathy in Henoch-Schonlein purpura ?
			Do antipyretics prevent febrile convulsions?
			Lumbar Puncture in Febrile Child with Focal Seizure
			Is a normal WBC enough to rule out septic arthritis?
			Should we screen every child with otitis media with effusion for allergic rhinitis?
			Is routine EEG helpful in the management of complex febrile seizures?
			Should a child with preseptal periorbital cellulitis be treated with intravenous or oral antibiotics?
			Should acyclovir be prescribed for immunocompetent children presenting with chickenpox?
			Duration of Antibiotic Therapy for Suspected Neonatal Sepsis
			How useful is C-reactive protein in detecting occult bacterial infection in young children with fever without apparent focus?
			Is tympanic or oral thermometry more accurate in febrile children?
			UTIs as a cause of febrile convulsions
			Meningitis as a cause of febrile convulsions
			Do all children presenting with their first febrile convulsion need hospital admission?
			Are prolonged febrile convulsions associated with recurrent febrile convulsions?
			Distinguishing between septic arthritis of the hip and transient synovitis in children
			Are meningeal irritation signs reliable in diagnosing meningitis in children?
			Rapid Influenza Testing Of Febrile children in the Emergency Department
			Honey for the Symptomatic Relief of Cough in Children with Upper Respiratory Tract Infections
			Role of antibiotic line locks in the treatment of infected central venous access devices in children
			How effective is varicella-zoster immunoglobulin (VZIG) in preventing chickenpox in neonates following perinatal exposure?
			Can pneumonia caused by penicillin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae be treated with penicillin?
			How common is co-existing meningitis in infants with urinary tract infection?

Generic appraisals

Puskas JD, Williams, Duke PG et al.

Off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting provides complete revascularization with reduced myocardial injury,transfusion requirements, and length of stay: a single blind RCT

Randomised control trial

Kirkpatrick AW

Hand-held Thoracic Sonography for Detecting Post-Traumatic Pneumothoraces: the Extended Focused Assessment with Sonography for Trauma (EFAST)

Diagnosis

Baker R.C, Tiller T., Bausher J. et al

Severity of Disease correlated with fever reduction in febrile infants

Cohort

Paediatrics » ENT problems

			No difference was shown between nebulized epinephrine and nebulized budesonide in moderately severe croup.
			Hand held metal detectors are sensitive enough to rule out oesophageal coins
			Do grommets prevent language delay?
			Cautery or cream for epistaxis in children
			Carbon dioxide detectors in neonatal practice
			In a febrile child, how useful C-reactive protein is in differentiating between acute bacterial and viral otitis media?
			Should we screen every child with otitis media with effusion for allergic rhinitis?
			Does the clinical finding of ear wax exclude the finding of otitis media?
			Can throat examination distinguish between bacterial and viral infective agents?
			In children does the use of a cuffed tracheostomy tube prevent aspirative pneumonia?
			Parent's kiss to remove nasal foreign bodies in children

Paediatrics » Genitourinary system

			Clean catch urine or bag specimen in UTI in non toilet trained children?
			Is Cefalexin better than trimethoprim for treating UTI in children?
			Negative urinalysis to exclude urinary tract infection in children
			Ultrasound in the diagnosis of testicular torsion
			Is silver nitrate the best agent for management of umbilical granulomas?
			Spontaneous pneumothorax in a neonate and association with renal malformations
			Accuracy of negative dipstick urinalysis in ruling out urinary tract infection in adults
			Ice, pins or sugar to reduce paraphimosis
			Is early use of steroid helpful in preventing subsequent nephropathy in Henoch-Schonlein purpura ?
			Ultrasonography to rule out renal malformations in newborns with isolated preauricular tags/pits
			Is anticoagulation therapy effective in neonatal renal vein thrombosis
			Are routine urine cultures helpful in the management of asymptomatic infants or preschool children with a previous urinary tract infection?
			Can urinary myoglobin assay be used to assess the risk of developing acute renal failure in patients with rhabdomylosis
			Trimethoprim vs Nitrofurantoin in the treatment of UTI in children
			Is a short course of antibiotics better than a long course in the treatment of UTI in children
			Is microscopy better than urine dipstick testing at identifying a UTI in children
			Incidence of significant GU abnormality in children <2years with proven UTI
			In younger adults with haematuria is it more appropriate to refer to a urologist or a nephrologist?
			Does daily prednisolone reduce the risk of relapse secondary to viral infections in steroid-dependant nephrotic syndrome?
			Urethral catheter or suprapubic aspiration to reduce contamination of urine samples in young children?

Paediatrics » Cardiovascular system » Cardiac arrest

Two thumb versus two finger CPR in infants

Paediatrics » Cardiovascular system » Congenital heart disease

			Is prophylactic administration of steroids of benefit to children undergoing cardiac surgery
			Are routine chest x ray and ECG examinations helpful in the evaluation of asymptomatic heart murmurs?
			Is ibuprofen or indomethacin better for medical closure of the patent ductus arterious?
			Is transcatheter device occlusion as good as open heart surgery for closure of atrial septal defects?
			How good is clinical examination at detecting a significant patent ductus arteriosus in the preterm neonate?
			Should a prolonged or short course of indomethacin be used in preterm infants to treat patent ductus arteriosus
			Surgery or indomethacin as the treatment for symptomatic PDA in preterm infants

Paediatrics » Respiratory system » Asthma

			Delivery of bronchodilators in acute asthma in children
			Halothane in life threatening asthma
			Beta-agonists with or without anti-cholinergics in the treatment of acute childhood asthma?
			Inhaled steroids in the treatment of mild to moderate persistent asthma in children: once or twice daily administration?
			Is adrenaline of benefit in status asthmaticus?
			Is homeopathy better than placebo in the treatment of bronchial asthma ?
			Nebulised magnesium in asthma
			Nebulised Magnesium In Acute Paediatric Asthma
			Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and exacerbations of asthma in children
			Does magnesium sulphate have a role in the management of paediatric status asthmaticus?
			Nebulised epinephrine in paediatric acute asthma
			Do written asthma action plans reduce hospital admissions?

Paediatrics » Respiratory system » Infection

			No difference between oral and nebulised steroids in croup
			No difference was shown between nebulized epinephrine and nebulized budesonide in moderately severe croup.
			Does nebulised adrenaline reduce admission rate in bronchiolitis?
			Dose of dexamethasone in croup
			Are follow up chest X-rays helpful in the management of children recovering from pneumonia?
			Are newer macrolides effective in eradicating carriage of Pertussis?
			Are methylxanthines effective in preventing or reducing apnoeic spells in infants with bronchiolitis?
			Type of oral coticosteroid in mild to moderate croup
			Is nebulised salbutamol indicated in bronchiolitis?
			Chest physiotherapy is not useful in bronchiolitis.
			In a febrile child, how useful C-reactive protein is in differentiating between acute bacterial and viral otitis media?
			Is nasogastric fluid therapy a safe alternative to the i.v. route in infants with bronchiolitis?
			Can surfactant cure babies with severe bronchiolitis?
			Humidified air is not indicated for mild to moderate croup
			Steroid administration in children with croup: an update.
			Does palivizumab prevent serious respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection in bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) infants?
			How useful is breast feeding in protecting infants against respiratory and gastrointestinal infections?
			Do Leukotriene receptor antagonists reduce the clinical severity in acute bronchiolitis?
			Do recombinant DNAse improve clinical outcome in an infant with RSV positive bronchiolitis?
			Do oral steroids help in viral induced wheeze in preschool children admitted to hospital?
			How effective is the diphtheria vaccine?
			Can throat examination distinguish between bacterial and viral infective agents?
			Nebulised hypertonic saline significantly decreases length of hospital stay and reduces symptoms in children with bronchiolitis
			Honey for the Symptomatic Relief of Cough in Children with Upper Respiratory Tract Infections
			Can pneumonia caused by penicillin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae be treated with penicillin?
			Is oral prednisolone as effective as oral dexamethasone in treating mild to moderate croup? An update
			Are oral antibiotics as efficacious as intravenous antibiotics for the treatment of community acquired pneumonia?
			Is measurement of the lymphocyte count useful in the investigation of suspected pertussis in infants?

Paediatrics » Respiratory system » Other

			Corticosteroids may be beneficial for infant outpatients with viral bronchiolitis
			Does daily prednisolone reduce the risk of relapse secondary to viral infections in steroid-dependant nephrotic syndrome?
			Does caffeine treatment for apnoea of prematurity improve neurodevelopmental outcome in later life?
			Is cranio-sacral therapy useful in the managmement of crying babies?
			Should hypertonic saline be used in patients with cystic fibrosis who respond unsatisfactorily to recombinant deoxyribonuclease?
			Does combined oral dexamethasone and epinephrine inhalation help infants with bronchiolitis to recover faster?

Paediatrics » GI system » D+V

			Omeprazole was helpful in the management of children with reflux oesophagitis
			Chiropractice may be an effective treatment in infantile colic
			Gradual introduction of feeding is no better than immediate normal feeding in children with gastro-enteritis
			Does lactobacillus reduce the duration of diarrhoea in children with acute gastroenteritis
			Do lactose free feeds reduce duration of diarrhoea in children with acute gastroenteritis
			In a child with acute gastroenteritis, do Probiotics reduce the duration and severity of diarrhoea?
			Naso-gastric rehydration in children
			How useful is breast feeding in protecting infants against respiratory and gastrointestinal infections?
			Short stature and the probability of coeliac disease, in the absence of gastro-intestinal symptoms
			Is skin turgor reliable as a means of assessing hydration status in children?
			Are antiemetics helpful in young children suffering from acute viral gastroenteritis?
			Smectite in Acute Diarrhoea
			Ondansetron in childhood gastroenteritis

Paediatrics » GI system » Bleeding

In a preterm infant, does blood transfusion increase the risk of necrotizing enterocolitis?

Paediatrics » GI system » Constipation

			Chiropractice may be an effective treatment in infantile colic
			Role of plain abdominal radiograph in the diagnosis of intussusception
			Is polyethylene glycol safe and effective for chronic constipation in children?
			Digital rectal exams in children who present with constipation

Paediatrics » GI system » Oral health

			Miconazole vs nystatin for the treatment of oral candidiasis in infants
			Are antibiotics useful in the treatment of sore throats in children?
			Herbal remedies as treatment for mouth ulcers.

Paediatrics » GI system » Abdo pain

			Spontaneous pneumothorax in a neonate and association with renal malformations
			Use of anticolic agents in infants less than 4 months
			How useful is breast feeding in protecting infants against respiratory and gastrointestinal infections?
			Short stature and the probability of coeliac disease, in the absence of gastro-intestinal symptoms
			Should children with Henoch-Schonlein purpura and abdominal pain be treated with steroids?
			How useful are bowel sounds?
			Is Doppler ultrasound superior to upper gastrointestinal contrast study for the diagnosis of malrotation?
			Should isotonic infusion solutions routinely be used in hospitalised paediatric patients?

Paediatrics » Neurological system » Fits

			Phenytoin or paraldehyde as the second drug for convulsions in children
			Lorazepam or diazepam in paediatric status elipticus
			Intranasal midazolam or rectal diazepam in patients with fits
			Phenytoin in traumatic brain injury
			Duration of observation for children with febrile convulsions.
			Do antipyretics prevent febrile convulsions?
			Buccal midazolam as an alternative to rectal diazepam for prolonged seizures in childhood and adolescence
			Does oral diazepam prevent febrile convulsions in children?
			Is lignocaine effective in the treatment of convulsive status epilepticus in children?
			Is routine EEG helpful in the management of complex febrile seizures?
			At what serum bilirubin level should physiological jaundice be treated?
			Neonatal cranial ultrasound as a predictor of longterm neurodevelopmental outcome in a preterm or low birth weight infants
			Is routine serum biochemistry helpful in the management of a child with unprovoked seizure?
			Efficacy of vagal nerve stimulation in children with medically intractable epilepsy
			Should a child with ADHD and epilepsy be given Ritalin?
			Should phenytoin and carbamazepine be avoided in Asian populations with the HLA-B*1502 positive genetic variant?
			Is cerebral function monitoring as accurate as conventional EEG in the detection of neonatal seizures?
			Chloral hydrate or midazolam: which is better for sedating children for painless diagnostic imaging?

Paediatrics » Neurological system » Depressed concious level

			Vomiting is not an accurate discriminator for serious head injury in children
			Lumbar Puncture in Febrile Child with Focal Seizure
			Does early administration of dexamethasone improve neurological outcome in children with meningococcal meningitis?
			At what serum bilirubin level should physiological jaundice be treated?
			Should carbamazepine be administered to manage agitation and aggressive behaviour following paediatric acquired brain injury?
			What is the impact of computer games on sleep in children?
			What is the incidence of biotin deficiency in preschool children with global developmental delay?

Paediatrics » Neurological system » Infections

			Should a neonate with possible late onset infection always have a lumbar puncture?
			Identification of meningococcus from skin scrapings without LP
			Lumbar Puncture in Febrile Child with Focal Seizure
			Does early administration of dexamethasone improve neurological outcome in children with meningococcal meningitis?
			Is routine EEG helpful in the management of complex febrile seizures?
			Do we need to give steroids in children with bell's palsy ?
			Is medical therapy effective in the treatment of BCG abscesses?
			Should steroids be used in children with meningococcal shock?
			Are meningeal irritation signs reliable in diagnosing meningitis in children?
			Normal CSF: Does it exclude meningitis?
			Do Portacaths or Hickman lines have a higher risk of catheter-related bloodstream infections in children with leukaemia?
			How common is co-existing meningitis in infants with urinary tract infection?

Paediatrics » Poisoning

			Little evidence for activated charcoal in tricyclic antidepressant overdose
			No good evidence supports gastric lavage in iron overdose
			Serial x-rays in battery ingestion
			Is Naloxone effective in treating paediatric clonidine overdose?
			Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and exacerbations of asthma in children

Paediatrics » Rashes

			Admission or discharge for a well children with a petechial rash
			Is perianal dermatitis a sign of sexual abuse?
			What is the use of the glass test?
			Is early use of steroid helpful in preventing subsequent nephropathy in Henoch-Schonlein purpura ?
			Topical anaesthetic and pain associated with lumbar puncture in neonates
			Should acyclovir be prescribed for immunocompetent children presenting with chickenpox?
			Does oral aciclovir improve clinical outcome in immunocompetent children with primary herpes simplex gingivotomatitis?
			Should children with Henoch-Schonlein purpura and abdominal pain be treated with steroids?
			How effective is varicella-zoster immunoglobulin (VZIG) in preventing chickenpox in neonates following perinatal exposure?
			Petechia in the well child
			Is what we tell parents about strawberry naevi correct?

Paediatrics » Musculoskeletal » Limping child

			Ultrasound is better than x-ray at detecting hip effusions in the limping child
			Tibial fractures in very young children and child abuse
			ESR in childhood septic arthritis
			Are the Ottawa ankle rules helpful in ruling out the need for x-ray examination in children?
			C reactive protein and septic arthritis in children
			Distinguishing between septic arthritis of the hip and transient synovitis in children

Paediatrics » Musculoskeletal » Infections

			ESR in childhood septic arthritis
			Should we treat infantile seborrhoeic dermatitis with topical antifungals or topical steroids?
			C reactive protein and septic arthritis in children
			Plain radiography is not indicated as 1st choice imaging modality in children with non-traumatic back pain

Paediatrics » Musculoskeletal » Fracture

			Do buckle fractures of the paediatric wrist require follow-up?
			Splinting of buckle fractures of the distal radius in children
			Collar and cuff vs other splintage methods after MUA of Supracondylar Humeral Fractures in children
			Need for cervical spine imaging for alert children after trauma
			Cervical spine imaging in children under 9 after trauma
			Elbow extension as a 'rule-out' tool for significant injury in children
			In children presenting to the Emergency Department what is the specificity of rib fractures for non-accidental injury?
			Plain radiography is not indicated as 1st choice imaging modality in children with non-traumatic back pain
			The use of ultrasound for diagnosing paediatric wrist fractures
			Are Fascia Iliaca Blocks an Effective Method of Pain Management in Children with Fractured Femurs?
			Are Skeletal Surveys Useful in the Evaluation for Physical Abuse in Children

Paediatrics » Head injury

			Therapeutic hypothermia for paediatric traumatic brain injury within 8 hr
			Should carbamazepine be administered to manage agitation and aggressive behaviour following paediatric acquired brain injury?
			What is the significance of “a boggy” (soft) haematoma?

Paediatrics » Anaphylaxis / allergy

			Should we screen every child with otitis media with effusion for allergic rhinitis?
			Is there an increased risk of necrotising enterocolitis in preterm infants whose mothers' expressed breast milk is fortified with multicomponent fortifier?

Paediatrics » Trauma

			Glue is better than sutures for facial lacerations in children
			Ultrasound or computed tomography in paediatric blunt abdominal trauma
			Staples may be more effective and quicker than sutures in children with scalp lacerations
			Should we glue lip lacerations in children
			Need for cervical spine imaging for alert children after trauma
			Cervical spine imaging in children under 9 after trauma
			TAC or LAT for anaesthetising children's lacerations.
			Plain radiography is not indicated as 1st choice imaging modality in children with non-traumatic back pain
			Is physical exam and laboratory data sufficient to exclude intrabdominal injury (IAI) in the pediatric trauma patient?
			Does the ‘Seatbelt Sign’ predict intra-abdominal injury after motor vehicle trauma in children?